What is the difference between encapsulation and abstraction in object-oriented programming?

Focus Keyword: Encapsulation and Abstraction in Object-Oriented Programming

Encapsulation and abstraction are two key concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP) that play important roles in managing complexity and promoting code reusability.

Encapsulation:

Encapsulation is the practice of bundling the data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit, known as a class. This unit restricts access to some of the object's components, allowing them to be hidden from external interference and misuse. Encapsulation helps in achieving data security and prevents unintended data changes.

Abstraction:

Abstraction is the process of hiding complex implementation details and exposing only the necessary features of an object. It allows developers to focus on what an object does rather than how it does it. By creating abstract classes and interfaces, developers can provide a blueprint for creating derived classes while keeping the core functionality separate from the implementation details.

In summary, while encapsulation focuses on bundling data and methods together and controlling access to them, abstraction focuses on hiding unnecessary details and providing a simplified view of an object's functionality.

Understanding the differences between encapsulation and abstraction is crucial for designing well-structured and maintainable object-oriented systems.