How does a database management system ensure data integrity and consistency across multiple transactions?

In a database management system (DBMS), data integrity and consistency are maintained through various mechanisms:

• Transactions: DBMS uses transactions to combine multiple operations into a single unit. This ensures that either all operations within a transaction are completed successfully, or none of them are, preserving data integrity.
• Isolation: DBMS provides isolation between transactions, preventing them from affecting each other's data until they are committed. This helps maintain data consistency.
• ACID properties: DBMS follows the ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) to ensure that transactions are executed reliably and consistently, further enhancing data integrity.
• Constraints and Validation: DBMS allows setting constraints and validations on data to ensure that only valid and consistent data is stored, preventing inconsistencies across transactions.

Overall, a DBMS enforces strict control mechanisms and protocols to ensure that data integrity and consistency are maintained across multiple transactions, safeguarding the reliability and accuracy of the data stored in the database.