1. What is Software Testing?
Software Testing is the process of evaluating a software application’s functionality and performance to check whether it meets the specified requirements.

2. What is Verification and Validation?
Verification is the process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether it satisfies the specified requirements. Validation is the process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it satisfies the specified requirements.

3. What is the difference between Regression testing and Retesting?
Regression testing is performed to ensure that changes in one part of the software do not impact the other parts. It is done after adding new functionality or fixing a bug. Retesting is performed to verify if a specific bug has been fixed properly or not.

4. What are the different levels of software testing?
The different levels of software testing are: unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing.

5. What is a Test Case?
A test case is a set of instructions, conditions, or actions to test a specific feature or functionality of a software application.

6. What is a Test Plan?
A test plan is a formal document that outlines the scope, objectives, and approach for a software testing effort. It includes the test strategy, test schedule, resources required, and test deliverables.

7. What is the difference between smoke testing and sanity testing?
Smoke testing is performed to check the basic functionalities of a software application, while sanity testing is performed to verify if the major functionalities are working as expected after making minor changes or bug fixes.

8. What is the difference between black box testing and white box testing?
Black box testing is a software testing method that focuses on the functionality of the software without knowing the internal code or structure. White box testing, on the other hand, is a testing technique that requires knowledge of the internal code and structure of the software being tested.

9. What are the different types of software defects?
The different types of software defects include functional defects, performance defects, cosmetic defects, and usability defects.

10. What is Performance Testing?
Performance testing is a type of software testing that measures the performance of a system or component under specific conditions.

11. Explain the concept of Boundary Value Analysis.
Boundary Value Analysis is a testing technique that focuses on testing the values at the boundary of an input domain. It tests the minimum, maximum, and boundary values to check if the software handles them correctly.

12. What is the purpose of Test Data?
Test data is used to check if the software application behaves as expected when provided with different input values.

13. What is a Defect Life Cycle?
The Defect Life Cycle is a process that tracks the life cycle of a software defect from its identification to its closure. It includes the stages of a defect: New, Assigned, Open, Fixed, Retested, Verified, Closed.

14. What is the difference between System Testing and Acceptance Testing?
System Testing is performed on a complete and integrated system to ensure that it meets the specified requirements. Acceptance Testing is performed to verify if the system satisfies the acceptance criteria and is ready for deployment.

15. What is the purpose of Test Metrics?
Test Metrics are used to measure and monitor the progress, effectiveness, and quality of the testing process. It helps in making data-driven decisions and improving the testing strategy.

16. What is a Test Execution Plan?
A Test Execution Plan is a document that outlines the sequence of test cases to be executed, the resources required, and the estimated timelines for executing the test cases.

17. What is the difference between Test Scenario and Test Case?
A Test Scenario is a hypothetical situation or event to be tested. It provides a context for the test cases. A Test Case is a set of inputs, execution conditions, and expected results that are used to verify if a particular feature or functionality is working as expected.

18. What is the purpose of Smoke Testing?
The purpose of Smoke Testing is to check the basic functionalities of a software application to ensure that it is stable enough for further testing.

19. What is the difference between Load Testing and Stress Testing?
Load Testing is performed to determine how a system or application behaves under normal and peak load conditions. Stress Testing, on the other hand, is performed to determine the breaking point of a system or application by subjecting it to extreme load conditions.

20. What is the difference between Test Plan and Test Strategy?
A Test Plan is a detailed document that outlines the scope, approach, resources, and schedule of a specific testing effort. A Test Strategy, on the other hand, is a high-level document that outlines the overall approach and objectives of the testing effort.

1. What is the difference between verification and validation?
Verification is the process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development phase to determine if it meets the specified requirements. Validation, on the other hand, is the process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development phase to determine if it satisfies the specified requirements.

2. What is the difference between functional testing and non-functional testing?
Functional testing is conducted to ensure that the system or software meets the functional requirements, whereas non-functional testing is performed to assess the system’s performance, reliability, security, and other quality attributes.

3. What is mutation testing?
Mutation testing is a technique that involves making minor changes (mutations) to parts of the codebase to ensure that the system’s test suite can detect these changes. It is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the tests in detecting errors or bugs in the software.

4. What is the purpose of a test plan?
A test plan is a document that outlines the objectives, scope, approach, and schedule of testing activities. It serves as a roadmap for the testing team and helps ensure that all necessary testing activities are planned and executed.

5. What is exploratory testing?
Exploratory testing is an approach to testing where the tester simultaneously designs and executes tests. Instead of following a predefined test plan, the tester explores the system, identifies test scenarios, and executes tests based on their understanding and intuition.

6. What is defect leakage?
Defect leakage refers to the situation where defects or bugs are not identified and fixed during the testing phase and are released to the production environment. It indicates a failure in the testing process and can result in negative impacts on the system’s quality.

7. What is test coverage?
Test coverage refers to the degree to which a test suite covers the requirements or functionality of a system. It measures the effectiveness and completeness of the testing process.

8. What is the difference between positive and negative testing?
Positive testing involves testing scenarios where the system is expected to behave as intended, while negative testing involves testing scenarios where the system is expected to handle exceptions, errors, and invalid inputs appropriately.

9. What is a test harness?
A test harness is a set of tools or software components that are used to automate and facilitate the execution of tests. It provides an environment for running tests, capturing results, and reporting on test outcomes.

10. What is the purpose of load testing?
Load testing is performed to assess the system’s behavior under normal and peak loads. It helps identify performance bottlenecks, scalability issues, and determines if the system can handle the expected user load.

11. What is regression testing?
Regression testing is the process of retesting a modified or updated system to ensure that the changes have not introduced new defects or impacted existing functionality. It aims at verifying the system’s stability and reliability after modifications.

12. What is risk-based testing?
Risk-based testing is an approach where testing activities are prioritized based on the identified risks. It focuses on testing areas of the system that have a higher likelihood or impact of failure.

13. What is the difference between smoke testing and sanity testing?
Smoke testing is performed to ensure that the critical functionalities of the system are working correctly after a new build or release. Sanity testing, on the other hand, is performed to quickly check if the most important features of the system are functioning properly after minor changes or patches.

14. What is boundary value analysis?
Boundary value analysis is a technique used to identify test cases at the boundaries of input domains. It focuses on testing values at or near the boundaries as they are more likely to cause errors or issues.

15. What is the difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?
Black-box testing involves testing the system without having knowledge of its internal structure or implementation details. White-box testing, on the other hand, involves testing the system with access to its internal structure and implementation details.

16. What is defect clustering?
Defect clustering refers to the observation that a small number of modules or components in a system tend to contain the majority of defects. It suggests that focusing testing efforts on these areas can yield the highest benefit in terms of defect detection.

17. What is the difference between usability testing and user acceptance testing?
Usability testing is conducted to evaluate the ease of use and user-friendliness of the system, whereas user acceptance testing is performed to ensure that the system meets the user’s expectations and acceptance criteria.

18. What is the purpose of the bug life cycle?
The bug life cycle defines the various stages that a reported bug goes through, from identification to resolution. It helps track the progress and status of bugs during the testing and development process.

19. What is the difference between static testing and dynamic testing?
Static testing involves reviewing the code or documentation to identify defects or issues without executing the system. Dynamic testing, on the other hand, involves executing the system to identify defects or issues.

20. What is the difference between a defect and an error?
An error is a mistake made by a human that results in a fault or defect in the system. A defect, on the other hand, is a deviation or variance from the expected behavior or requirement of the system.