1. What is software development?
Software development refers to the process of creating, designing, programming, and maintaining software applications.

2. What are the different phases of the software development life cycle (SDLC)?
The phases of the SDLC are: requirements gathering and analysis, system design, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance.

3. What is object-oriented programming (OOP)?
Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that organizes code as objects that have attributes and methods. It focuses on reusability and modularity.

4. What is the difference between compile-time and runtime?
Compile-time is the phase when source code is converted into machine code by a compiler, while runtime is the phase when the compiled code is executed by the computer.

5. What is version control?
Version control is a system that records changes to a file or set of files over time. It allows multiple developers to collaborate and track modifications made to the codebase.

6. What is the difference between Git and SVN?
Git is a distributed version control system, while SVN (Subversion) is a centralized version control system. Git provides faster performance, better branching, and merging capabilities.

7. What is a database?
A database is organized collection of data stored and accessed electronically. It allows efficient data management, retrieval, and manipulation.

8. What is SQL?
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a programming language used to communicate with and manipulate databases. It is used for tasks such as querying, updating, and modifying data.

9. What is the difference between a primary key and a foreign key?
A primary key is a unique identifier for a record in a database table, while a foreign key is a reference to a primary key in another table to establish relationships between tables.

10. What is the agile software development methodology?
Agile is an iterative and incremental approach to software development. It emphasizes collaboration, flexibility, and frequent delivery of working software.

11. What is unit testing?
Unit testing is a software testing method where individual units or components of a software application are tested to ensure they function correctly.

12. What is the difference between functional and non-functional requirements?
Functional requirements describe what a software system should do, while non-functional requirements describe how the system should perform, including aspects like performance, security, and usability.

13. What is a software bug?
A software bug is a defect or an error in a program that causes it to behave in an unexpected or incorrect way.

14. What is a software framework?
A software framework is a reusable set of libraries or components that provide a foundation for developing applications. It provides pre-written code and tools to simplify software development.

15. What is the purpose of code documentation?
Code documentation provides information about the purpose, functionality, and usage of code. It helps developers understand and maintain the codebase.

16. What is the difference between functional and object-oriented programming?
Functional programming focuses on writing pure, stateless functions that take inputs and produce outputs, while object-oriented programming emphasizes the use of objects that encapsulate data and behavior.

17. What are design patterns?
Design patterns are reusable solutions to common software design problems. They provide best practices and guidelines for solving specific design issues.

18. What is the difference between black-box and white-box testing?
Black-box testing involves testing a software application without knowing its internal implementation details, while white-box testing involves testing based on knowledge of the internal structure and logic of the software.

19. What is DevOps?
DevOps is a software development approach that combines software development (Dev) and IT operations (Ops) to enable faster and more reliable software delivery.

20. How do you ensure software security?
Software security can be ensured by implementing secure coding practices, performing regular vulnerability assessments and penetration testing, using encryption techniques, and keeping software up-to-date with security patches.

1. What is the difference between a process and a thread?
A process is a full-blown execution environment with its own memory space, while a thread is a lightweight unit of execution within a process. Multiple threads within a process share the same memory space.

2. What is multithreading?
Multithreading is a technique where multiple threads of execution exist within a single process. It allows simultaneous execution of multiple parts of a program, improving efficiency and responsiveness.

3. What is deadlock?
Deadlock is a situation where two or more threads/processes are unable to proceed indefinitely because each is waiting for the other to release a resource.

4. What is the purpose of garbage collection?
Garbage collection is the automatic management of reclaiming memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use. It helps in preventing memory leaks and ensures efficient memory utilization.

5. Explain the concept of polymorphism.
Polymorphism refers to the ability of an object to take on many forms. It allows objects of different types to be treated as objects of a common superclass, providing flexibility and reusability of code.

6. What is the role of an interface in Java?
An interface in Java defines a contract of methods that a class must implement. It allows for abstraction and provides a way to achieve multiple inheritances.

7. What is the difference between composition and inheritance?
Composition is a “has-a” relationship where one class is composed of one or more objects of another class, while inheritance is an “is-a” relationship where a class inherits properties and methods from another class.

8. Explain the SOLID principles of object-oriented design.
SOLID stands for Single Responsibility, Open-Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, and Dependency Inversion. These principles are guidelines for designing flexible and maintainable software systems.

9. How do you optimize code for performance?
Code optimization for performance involves techniques like reducing unnecessary computations, minimizing memory allocations, optimizing loop structures, and using appropriate data structures and algorithms.

10. What are design patterns?
Design patterns are reusable solutions to commonly occurring problems in software design. They provide proven approaches to solve design problems, improve code quality, and promote code reusability.

11. Explain the difference between procedural programming and object-oriented programming.
Procedural programming is a programming paradigm based on a sequential flow of procedures and functions, while object-oriented programming focuses on objects that encapsulate data and behavior.

12. What is test-driven development (TDD)?
Test-driven development is a software development practice where tests are written before implementing the code. It follows a “red-green-refactor” cycle to ensure the code is thoroughly tested and meets the requirements.

13. What is continuous integration (CI)?
Continuous integration is the practice of frequently integrating code changes from multiple developers into a shared repository. It involves automated builds, tests, and deployment to catch integration issues early.

14. Explain the concept of version control.
Version control is a system that records changes to files or sets of files over time. It allows multiple people to collaboratively work on a project, preserves change history, and provides rollback and branching capabilities.

15. What is the difference between white-box testing and black-box testing?
White-box testing focuses on testing internal structures or components of a software system by examining its code, while black-box testing tests the functionality and behavior of the system without knowing its internal implementation.

16. How would you handle a critical bug in a production application?
I would follow a defined process of bug reporting, prioritizing, and fixing. This involves replicating the bug, analyzing its impact, assigning appropriate resources, providing a fix, testing it, and deploying the fix to production with proper communication and monitoring.

17. How do you ensure code quality in a development project?
Code quality can be ensured by adopting practices like code reviews, unit testing, code coverage analysis, continuous integration, static code analysis tools, and adherence to coding standards and best practices.

18. How do you handle software versioning?
Software versioning can be managed using a version control system like Git. Each release is assigned a unique version number, and changes are tracked using techniques like feature branching and tagging.

19. Can you explain the Agile software development approach?
Agile software development is a methodology that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and iterative development. It involves breaking a project into smaller increments, regular feedback, adaptability to changing requirements, and continuous improvement.

20. How would you handle a team conflict in a software development project?
I would address the conflict by encouraging open communication, actively listening to all parties involved, understanding their perspectives, finding common ground, and facilitating a constructive resolution. Effective teamwork and communication are crucial for the success of a project.