1. What is functional testing?
Functional testing is a type of software testing that validates whether an application or system meets the specified functional requirements and performs the intended functions correctly.

2. What are the different levels of functional testing?
The different levels of functional testing include unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing.

3. What is the difference between functional testing and non-functional testing?
Functional testing focuses on validating the functionality of the software or system, while non-functional testing focuses on other aspects like performance, security, usability, and reliability.

4. What are test cases?
Test cases are detailed steps or conditions that are defined to test specific functionality of the software or system.

5. What is a test plan?
A test plan is a document that outlines the objectives, scope, approach, and schedule of testing activities for a software project.

6. What is a defect or bug?
A defect or bug is a flaw or deviation in the software or system that causes it to behave in an unintended or incorrect manner.

7. What is regression testing?
Regression testing is re-running previously executed tests on modified or updated software to ensure that the changes have not introduced new defects or affected existing functionality.

8. What is smoke testing?
Smoke testing is a subset of functional testing that focuses on testing the basic functionality of the software or system to ensure its stability before conducting detailed testing.

9. What are the different test design techniques?
The different test design techniques include equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, decision table testing, state transition testing, and use case testing.

10. What is the importance of requirements in functional testing?
Requirements define the expected behavior of the software or system, and functional testing ensures that these requirements are met. Without clear and detailed requirements, it becomes difficult to conduct effective functional testing.

11. What is a test environment?
A test environment is a setup of software and hardware components required to execute the test cases and conduct testing activities.

12. What is the difference between verification and validation?
Verification is the process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether it satisfies the specified requirements, while validation is the process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it satisfies the specified user needs and requirements.

13. What is positive testing?
Positive testing is a type of functional testing that focuses on testing the software with valid input data to ensure that it produces the expected results.

14. What is negative testing?
Negative testing is a type of functional testing that focuses on testing the software with invalid or unexpected input data to ensure that it handles such cases correctly and does not produce any defects.

15. What is ad-hoc testing?
Ad-hoc testing is a type of functional testing that is performed without any formal test cases or predefined test scripts. Testers use their experience and intuition to explore the software and find defects.

16. What is equivalence partitioning?
Equivalence partitioning is a test design technique that divides the input data into groups or classes to minimize the number of test cases while maximizing the coverage.

17. What is boundary value analysis?
Boundary value analysis is a test design technique that focuses on testing the values at the boundaries or edges of input domains, as they are more likely to cause defects.

18. What is user acceptance testing?
User acceptance testing is the final phase of testing where the software is tested by the end-users to ensure that it meets their requirements and is ready for deployment.

19. What is the difference between functional requirements and non-functional requirements?
Functional requirements define what the software or system should do, whereas non-functional requirements define how the software or system should perform, behave, or appear.

20. What is the difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?
Black-box testing is a testing technique where the internal structure and implementation details of the software are not known to the tester. In contrast, white-box testing is a testing technique where the internal structure and implementation details of the software are known to the tester, and tests are designed based on that knowledge.

1. What is functional testing?
Functional testing is a type of software testing that verifies that the application or system functions in accordance with the specified requirements and that all features and functionalities are working as expected.

2. What are the different levels of functional testing?
The different levels of functional testing include unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing.

3. What is the difference between functional testing and non-functional testing?
Functional testing checks the behavior of the system while non-functional testing focuses on the performance, security, reliability, and usability aspects of the system.

4. What are some common techniques used in functional testing?
Some common techniques used in functional testing are black box testing, white box testing, gray box testing, boundary value analysis, equivalence partitioning, and decision table testing.

5. What is the purpose of test cases in functional testing?
The purpose of test cases in functional testing is to ensure that each specific requirement or functionality of the system is tested thoroughly and verified to meet the expected behavior.

6. What is the role of a test plan in functional testing?
A test plan outlines the overall strategy, objectives, and scope of the functional testing process. It helps in defining the test environment, resources, test schedule, and deliverables.

7. What is regression testing and why is it important in functional testing?
Regression testing is the process of retesting existing functionalities to ensure that changes or updates have not introduced any new defects or issues. It is important in functional testing to maintain the quality and reliability of the system.

8. How do you prioritize test cases in functional testing?
Test cases can be prioritized based on factors such as criticality of the functionality, frequency of usage, complexity, and potential impact of failure on the system or end users.

9. What is traceability matrix in functional testing?
Traceability matrix is a document that establishes a link between the test cases and the requirements. It ensures that all requirements have been covered by test cases and provides traceability during the testing process.

10. What is the difference between positive testing and negative testing?
Positive testing focuses on the expected behavior of the system with valid inputs, while negative testing explores the behavior of the system with invalid inputs or unexpected scenarios to ensure proper error handling.

11. What is exploratory testing?
Exploratory testing is a type of testing where the tester explores the system without any predefined test cases. It is used to discover new defects, understand the system, and provide feedback on usability.

12. What is defect triaging in functional testing?
Defect triaging is the process of prioritizing, categorizing, and addressing defects found during functional testing. It helps in managing defects effectively and resolving critical issues on priority.

13. What is equivalence partitioning?
Equivalence partitioning is a technique where the input domain is divided into groups of data that are logically similar and expected to have the same behavior. It helps in reducing the number of test cases required for testing.

14. What is test coverage in functional testing?
Test coverage measures the extent to which the requirements or functionalities of the system are tested. It helps in identifying areas that have not been covered and ensures maximum coverage of the system.

15. What is usability testing?
Usability testing is a type of functional testing that focuses on evaluating the ease of use, effectiveness, and user satisfaction of the system. It involves real users performing tasks to identify any usability issues.

16. How do you handle test data management in functional testing?
Test data management involves creating and managing test data required for functional testing. It includes identifying test data requirements, creating realistic and representative test data, ensuring data privacy, and maintaining data integrity.

17. What is the role of a test environment in functional testing?
A test environment is a setup that includes hardware, software, and network configurations required to execute functional tests. It should closely resemble the production environment to ensure accurate results.

18. Explain the concept of system integration testing.
System integration testing is a level of testing where multiple system modules or components are combined and tested as a group to ensure smooth integration and interactions between them. It helps in identifying any interface or communication issues.

19. What is the difference between functional testing and user acceptance testing?
Functional testing verifies the system against the specified requirements, whereas user acceptance testing validates the system from the perspective of end users to ensure that it meets their needs and expectations.

20. What are some challenges faced in functional testing?
Some challenges faced in functional testing include changing requirements, limited test coverage, realistic test data generation, maintaining test environments, managing test dependencies, and identifying appropriate test priorities.